Defective Exam Questions
Richard Goldfarb ( (no email) )
Fri, 9 Apr 1999 13:24:22 -0700
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Many of you have been asking about various questions from recent CAS
exams that appear to be defective. While the CAS questions have
certainly improved over the years, there continues to be problems with
the more difficult topics, particularly option pricing and the new
material relating to capital structure and adjusted cost of capital. =20
To efficiently respond to all of the recent e-mails, I have prepared a
list of defective questions from recent exams, complete with detailed
solutions and explanations. =20
Hopefully this will clear up the confusion created from poorly written
CAS questions and will alert you to the danger of relying too heavily on
past exams to study from. =20
If you have any trouble opening the attached Word document, please
contact me via e-mail at goldfarb@aigfpc.com.
Good luck!
Richard Goldfarb, FCAS, MBA
Instructor, MAF Part 5B Seminars
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Many of you have been asking about =various=20questions from recent CAS
exams that appear to be defective. =While the=20CAS questions have
certainly improved over the years, there continues =to be=20problems with
the more difficult topics, particularly option pricing =and the=20new
material relating to capital structure and adjusted cost of=20capital.
To efficiently respond to all of the recent =e-mails, I=20have prepared a
list of defective questions from recent exams, =complete with=20detailed
solutions and explanations.
Hopefully this =will clear=20up the confusion created from poorly written
CAS questions and will =alert you=20to the danger of relying too heavily on
past exams to study =from. =20
If you have any trouble opening the attached Word document,=20please
contact me via e-mail at goldfarb@aigfpc.com.
Good =luck!
Richard Goldfarb, FCAS, MBA
Instructor, MAF Part 5B=20Seminars
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ZvIGdpdmVuLiAgVGhleSBnYXZlIHlvdSByPTExJT1hbGwgZXF1aXR5IGNvc3Qgb2YgY2FwaXRhbDsgTCA9IEQvViA9IC4zMzNFLzEuMzMzRT0yNSU7IHJkID0gNyUuICBUaGUgb25seSBtaXNzaW5nIHBpZWNlIGlzIFQuICBXZXJlIHlvdSB0byBhc3N1bWUgVD0zNSU/ICBObywgeW91IGFwcGFyZW50bHkgd2VyZSBzdXBwb3NlZCB0byBzb2x2ZSBmb3IgVCBnaXZlbiBvdGhlciBpbmZvcm1hdGlvbi4gIFdoYXQgZG8gd2UgaGF2ZSB0byBmaW5kIHRoaXM/ICBXZSBrbm93IHRoZSBXQUNDIGF0IHRoZSBjdXJyZW50IGNhcGl0YWwgc3RydWN0dXJlIGlzIDklLiAgSWYgd2UgYXNzdW1lIHRoYXQgdGhpcyByZWZlcnMgdG8gdGhlIGFmdGVyIHRheCBXQUNDID0gcmQgKDEtVCkgRC9WICsgcmUgRS9WLiAgVGhhdJJzIG9idmlvdXNseSB3aGF0IHdhcyBpbnRlbmRlZCwgYnV0IHRoZXkgc2hvdWxkknZlIGJlZW4gY2xlYXIuICBGaXJzdCwgd2UgbmVlZCB0byBnZXQgcmUgdGhvdWdoLiAgQXQgdGhlIGN1cnJlbnQgY2FwaXRhbCBzdHJ1Y3R1cmUsIHdlIGtub3cgdGhlcmUgaXMgYSBmb3JtdWxhIHJlbGF0aW5nIHJlID0gciArIChyLXJkKSAqIEQvRSA9IC4xMSsoLjExLS4wNykqLjQvLjYgPSAxMy42NyUuICBOb3csIHVzZSB0aGF0IHRvIHNvbHZlIGZvciBUPTcxJS4gV2hhdD8gIE5vdGUgaG93IG9kZCB0aGlzIGxvb2tzISAgQ291bGQgeW91IGltYWdpbmUgc2VlaW5nIHRoYXQgZHVyaW5nIHRoZSBleGFtIJYgeW91kmQgdGhpbmsgeW91IG1lc3NlZCB1cCEgIE5vdywgcGx1ZyBhbGwgdGhpcyBpbnRvIHRoZSBNLUUgZm9ybXVsYSBmb3IgciogPSA5LjclLiAgVGhpcyBtYWtlcyBzZW5zZSBiZWNhdXNlIHRoZSBkZWJ0IHJhdGlvIGZvciB0aGlzIGlzIGxlc3MgdGhhbiB0aGUgaW5pdGlhbCBkZWJ0IHJhdGlvLCBzbyB0aGVyZZJzIGxlc3MgdGF4IGJlbmVmaXRzIHNvIHRoZSBhZGp1c3RlZCBjb3N0IG9mIGNhcGl0YWwgaXMgaGlnaGVyLiAgTm90ZSB0aGF0IHlvdSBjb3VsZCBoYXZlIGFsc28gc29sdmVkIGZvciBUIGJ5IHNldHRpbmcgdGhlIDklIHRheCBhZGp1c3RlZCBXQUNDIGFuZCB1c2luZyB0aGUgTWlsZXMtRXp6ZWxsIGZvcm11bGEgYW5kIHlvdSB3b3VsZJJ2ZSBnb3R0ZW4gYXBwcm94aW1hdGVseSB0aGUgc2FtZSBULg1UaGUgcXVlc3Rpb24gd2FudGVkIHRoZSBOUFYgdGhvdWdoLiAgRmlyc3QsIEkgaGF2ZSB0byBhc3N1bWUgdGhleSBtZWFudCB0aGUgQWRqdXN0ZWQgUHJlc2VudCBWYWx1ZSBzaW5jZSB0aGV5IHdhbnRlZCB5b3UgdG8gdXNlIHRoZSBNaWxlcy1FenplbGwgZm9ybXVsYSBzbyB0aGV5IGNsZWFybHkgd2FudGVkIHRoZSBOUFYgaW5jbHVkaW5nIHRoZSB0YXggZWZmZWN0cy4gIEJ1dCB3YXMgdGhlIDEwMCBjYXNoIGZsb3cgcHJlLXRheCBvciBhZnRlciB0YXg/ICBXaXRoIHN1Y2ggYSBoaWdoIHRheCByYXRlLCBJIGhhdmUgdG8gYXNzdW1lIHRoYXQgd2FzIGFmdGVyLXRheC4gIFNvIE5QViA9IC0xMjAwICsgMTAwLy4wOTcgPSAtMTY5LiAgDUFsc28gbm90ZSB0aGF0IGl0IHdhcyBzdHJhbmdlIHRoYXQgdGhleSBhc2tlZCBmb3IgdGhlIE1pbGVzLUV6emVsbCBmb3JtdWxhIHRvIGJlIHVzZWQgd2hlbiB0aGUgY2FzaCBmbG93cyB3ZXJlIHBlcnBldHVhbC4gIFRoYXSScyB3aGVuIHlvdZJkIHdhbnQgdG8gdXNlIHRoZSBNTSBmb3JtdWxhcyBpbnN0ZWFkLg1BbHNvIG5vdGUgdGhhdCBJIGhhZCB0byBtYWtlIGEgbG90IG9mIGFzc3VtcHRpb25zIHRvIGdldCB0aGUgYW5zd2VyIEkgZGlkLiAgSXQgaXMgcG9zc2libGUgdGhhdCB0aGV5IGludGVuZGVkIHNvbWV0aGluZyBkaWZmZXJlbnQsIHRob3VnaCB0aGlzIGlzIHRoZSBvbmx5IGFuc3dlciBjb25zaXN0ZW50IHdpdGggYWxsIHRoZSBmYWN0cy4NDVNwcmluZyAxOTk4ICMxMSCWIFRoZSB2YWx1ZSBvZiBhbiBhbGwtZXF1aXR5IGZpcm0gaXMgJDcwMG0uICBUaGUgZmlybSBjb252ZXJ0cyBzb21lIG9mIGl0cyBlcXVpdHkgdG8gZGVidCBhdCA2JSwgY2hhbmdpbmcgdGhlIGRlYnQgdG8gZXF1aXR5IHJhdGlvIHRvIDI1JS4gIFRheCByYXRlIGlzIDM1JS4gIElmIHlvdSBpZ25vcmUgcGVyc29uYWwgdGF4ZXMgYW5kIGNvc3RzIG9mIGZpbmFuY2lhbCBkaXN0cmVzcyB3aGF0IGlzIHRoZSBuZXcgdmFsdWUgb2YgdGhlIGZpcm0/DVRoaXMgaXMgbm90IGRlZmVjdGl2ZSwgYnV0IGl0IGlzIHJlYWwgZWFzeSB0byBnZXQgZGlmZmVyZW50IGFuc3dlcnMgaWYgeW91IGFyZSBub3QgY2FyZWZ1bCBhYm91dCBvbmUgYXNzdW1wdGlvbi4gIEZpcnN0LCBsZXSScyBkbyBpdCB0aGUgbG9naWNhbCBhbmQgc2ltcGxlIHdheS4gIFRoZSB2YWx1ZSBvZiB0aGUgZmlybSB3aWxsIGJlIHRoZSBvbGQgdmFsdWUgcGx1cyB0aGUgdmFsdWUgb2YgdGhlIGludGVyZXN0IHRheCBzaGllbGRzLiAgVGhlIHRheCBzaGllbGRzIGVhY2ggeWVhciBlcXVhbCB0aGUgYW1vdW50IG9mIGRlYnQgdGltZXMgdGhlIGludGVyZXN0IHJhdGUgdGltZXMgdGhlIHRheCByYXRlLiAgVGhleSB0ZWxsIHlvdSB0aGF0IHRoZSBEL0UgcmF0aW8gd2lsbCBiZSAyNSUsIHNvIHRoZSBEL1YgcmF0aW8gPSAuMjUvKC4yNSsxKT0yMCUuICBTaW5jZSB0aGUgdmFsdWUgb2YgdGhlIGZpcm0gaXMgNzAwIHRoZW4gRD0yMCUqNzAwPTE0MCBhbmQgdGhlIHRheCBzaGllbGRzIGFyZSB3b3J0aCAxNDAqNiUqMzUlPTIuOTQgcGVyIHllYXIuICBUaGUgUFYgb2YgdGhpcyBpbiBwZXJwZXR1aXR5IGF0IHRoZSA2JSByYXRlIGlzIDIuOTQvLjA2PTQ5LiAgU28gdGhlIGZpcm0gdmFsdWUgaXMgNzQ5Lg1CdXQgbm90ZSBzb21ldGhpbmcuICBJZiB0aGUgdmFsdWUgaXMgNzQ5IGFuZCB0aGUgZGVidCB3YXMgMTQwLCBkb2VzbpJ0IHRoYXQgbWVhbiB0aGUgRC9WIHJhdGlvIGlzIDE0MC83NDk9MTguNyU/ICBUaGUgcXVlc3Rpb24gc2FpZCBpdCB3YXMgMjAlLiAgU28gaW4gcmVhbGl0eSwgYWxsIG9mIHRoZXNlIHF1ZXN0aW9ucyBpbnZvbHZlIGNpcmN1bGFyIGxvZ2ljIJYgeW91IG5lZWQgdG8ga25vdyB0aGUgYW5zd2VyIGJlZm9yZSB5b3UgY2FuIGdldCB0aGUgcHJvcGVyIEQvViByYXRpby4gIFRoZSByZWFsIHdheSB0byBzb2x2ZSB0aGlzIGlzIHRvIGxlYXZlIFYgYXMgYW4gdW5rbm93biBhbmQgc29sdmUgZm9yIGl0IHVzaW5nIGFsbCB0aGUgc2FtZSBmb3JtdWxhcy4gIEQ9MjAlVi4gIFNvIFYgPSA3MDAgKyAoMjAlVikqNiUqMzUlLzYlIGFuZCBzb2x2ZSBmb3IgVj03NTIuICBUaGUgdHdvIGFuc3dlcnMgYXJlIGNsb3NlIGJ1dCBvbiBhIG11bHRpcGxlIGNob2ljZSB0ZXN0LCBvbmx5IG9uZSB3YXMgYWNjZXB0ZWQuICBHZW5lcmFsbHkgdGhlIHNlY29uZCBhcHByb2FjaCBpcyBjb3JyZWN0LCB0aG91Z2ggdGhlIHRleHRib29rIHdhcyBhbHdheXMgYSBiaXQgc2xvcHB5IGFib3V0IHRoaXMgYW5kIG9mdGVuIGRpZCBpdCB0aGUgZmlyc3Qgd2F5Lg0NU3ByaW5nIDE5OTggIyAzMSCWIENvbXBhbnkgQZJzIGNhcGl0YWwgc3RydWN0dXJlIGlzIDQwTSBkZWJ0IGFuZCA2ME0gZXF1aXR5LiAgVGhlIGludGVyZXN0IHJhdGUgb24gdGhlIGRlYnQgaXMgOCUuICBUaGUgY29ycG9yYXRlIHRheCByYXRlIGlzIDI1JS4gIFRoZSBmaXJtIGhhcyBhbiBvcHBvcnR1bml0eSB0byBpbnZlc3QgJDEwbSBpbiBhIHByb2plY3QgZm9yIHdoaWNoIGl0IGNhbGN1bGF0ZWQgdGhlIE5QViB0byBiZSAyTSwgYmFzZWQgb24gcGVycGV0dWFsIGNhc2ggZmxvd3Mgb2YgMS4zMk0uICBXaGF0IGlzIHRoZSBlcXVpdHkgaW52ZXN0b3KScyBtaW5pbXVtIHJldHVybj8NVGhpcyBpcyBhbm90aGVyIGV4YW1wbGUgb2YgYSBzbG9wcHkgcXVlc3Rpb24gdGhhdCByZXF1aXJlcyB5b3UgdG8gbWFrZSBhIGxvdCBvZiBhc3N1bXB0aW9ucyCWIG1vc3Qgb2Ygd2hpY2ggZGlyZWN0bHkgY29udHJhZGljdCB3aGF0IHRoZXkgc2FpZC4gIA1UaGUgcXVlc3Rpb24gd2FudGVkIHlvdSB0byBkZXRlcm1pbmUgdGhlIGRpc2NvdW50IHJhdGUgZm9yIHRoZSBwcm9qZWN0IGFuZCB0aGVuIGRlY2lwaGVyIGZyb20gdGhhdCB3aGF0IHRoZSBlcXVpdHkgcmV0dXJuIGlzLiAgQnV0IGZyb20gdGhlIHN0YXJ0IGl0IGdldHMgY29uZnVzaW5nLiAgRmlyc3QsIHRoZXkgc2FpZCB0aGUgk05QViBvZiB0aGUgcHJvamVjdCBpcyAkMk2ULiAgQnV0IGRpZCB0aGV5IG1lYW4gdGhhdCB3YXMgdGhlIE5QViBvciB0aGUgQVBWPyAgSW4gb3RoZXIgd29yZHMsIGRvZXMgdGhhdCB2YWx1ZSByZWZsZWN0IHRoZSB0YXggZWZmZWN0cyBmcm9tIHRoZSBkZWJ0PyAgTGV0knMgYXNzdW1lIHRoYXQgaXQgZG9lcyBhbmQgdGhleSBtZWFudCB0byBzYXkgdGhlIEFQViBpcyAkMk0uICBUaGF0IG1lYW5zIHRoZSBjYXNoIGZsb3dzIGhhdmUgYSBQViBvZiAkMTJNIHdoZW4gZGlzY291bnRlZCBhdCB0aGUgYWRqdXN0ZWQgY29zdCBvZiBjYXBpdGFsICh0aGUgaW5pdGlhbCBpbnZlc3RtZW50IHdhcyAkMTBNKS4gIFNpbmNlIHRoZSBjYXNoIGZsb3dzIGFyZSBwZXJwZXR1YWwsIHRoZSBwcm9qZWN0IGRpc2NvdW50IHJhdGUgd2FzIDExJSwgZm91bmQgYnkgc29sdmluZyAyID0gLTEwICsgMS4zMi9yKi4gIE5vdGUgdGhhdCBJIGNvdWxkbpJ0IHRlbGwgaWYgdGhlIGNhc2ggZmxvd3Mgd2VyZSBhZnRlci10YXgsIHdoaWNoIHRoZXkgbmVlZCB0byBiZSwgYnV0IHRoZSBudW1iZXJzIGFyZSBzdHJhbmdlIGlmIEkgYXNzdW1lIHRoZXkgYXJlIHByZS10YXguICANQW55d2F5LCB0aGlzIDExJSBpcyB0aGUgYWRqdXN0ZWQgY29zdCBvZiBjYXBpdGFsLCBhbmQgbm93IHdlIG5lZWQgdG8ga25vdyB0aGUgZXF1aXR5IHJldHVybi4gIEJ1dCBub3cgd2UgbmVlZCB0byBrbm93IG1vcmUsIGJlY2F1c2UgaG93IHdlIHByb2NlZWQgZGVwZW5kcyB1cG9uIHRoaW5ncyB0aGF0IHdlcmUgbm90IHN0YXRlZC4gIElzIHRoaXMgcHJvamVjdCBqdXN0IGxpa2UgdGhlIG92ZXJhbGwgZmlybSBhbmQgdGh1cyBoYXZlIHRoZSBzYW1lIGNhcGl0YWwgc3RydWN0dXJlPyAgSXMgdGhlIGRlYnQgcmViYWxhbmNlZCBvdmVyIHRpbWUgb3IgaXMgdGhlIGRlYnQgZml4ZWQ/ICBMZXSScyBhc3N1bWUgZm9yIHRoZSBtb21lbnQgdGhhdCB0aGUgcHJvamVjdCBpcyBsaWtlIHRoZSBmaXJtIGFuZCB0aGF0IHRoZSBkZWJ0IGlzIHJlYmFsYW5jZWQsIHRoZW4gd2Ugd291bGQgdXNlIHRoZSBhZnRlci10YXggV0FDQyBhbmQgc29sdmUgZm9yIHRoZSBlcXVpdHkgcmV0dXJuLiAgU2V0IHRoZSBhZnRlciB0YXggV0FDQyA9IHIqID0gMTElID0gRC9WICogcmQgKDEtVCkgKyBFL1YgcmUuICBTb2x2ZSBmb3IgcmUgPTE0LjMlLiAgDUhlcmWScyBhbm90aGVyIHdheS4gIEluIHRoZSB0ZXh0LCBpdCB3YXMgY29tbW9uIHRvIHVzZSB0aGUgTU0gYWRqdXN0ZWQgY29zdCBvZiBjYXBpdGFsIHIqID0gciAoMSAtIFQqTCkgd2hlbiB0aGUgY2FzaCBmbG93cyB3ZXJlIHBlcnBldHVhbC4gIEluIHRoaXMgY2FzZSwgd2WSZCBzZXQgdGhpcyB0byAxMSUgYW5kIHNvbHZlIGZvciB0aGUgYWxsLWVxdWl0eSByZXR1cm4gb2Ygcj0xMi4yJS4gIEJ1dCB0byBzYXkgd2hhdCB0aGUgZXF1aXR5IGludmVzdG9ycyByZXF1aXJlLCB3ZSBuZWVkIHRvIHJlZmxlY3QgdGhlIGZhY3QgdGhhdCB0aGUgZmlybSBpcyBpbiBmYWN0IGxldmVyZWQuICBUaGUgbGV2ZXJlZCBlcXVpdHkgcmV0dXJuIGlzIHJlbGF0ZWQgdG8gdGhlIGFsbC1lcXVpdHkgcmV0dXJuIGFjY29yZGluZyB0byBhIHNwZWNpZmljIGZvcm11bGEsIGRlcGVuZGluZyBvbiB3aGF0IHdlknZlIGFzc3VtZWQuICBUaGUgTU0gZm9ybXVsYSBmb3IgdGhpcyB3YXMgcmUgPSByICsgKDEtVGMpKHItcmQpRC9FLCBhbmQgdGhpcyBmb3JtdWxhIHdpdGggdGhlIDEyLjIlIGFsbC1lcXVpdHkgcmV0dXJuIGdpdmVzIDE0LjMlLiAgSnVzdCBhcyBiZWZvcmUuDQ1DaGFwdGVyIDIwDUZhbGwgMTk5NyAjMTYgliBUaGUgdmFsdWUgb2YgSm9lknMgUmVudCBhIFBsYW5lIGNvbXBhbnkgY2FuIHJpc2UgYnkgMjguNCUgb3IgZmFsbCBieSAyMi4xJSBvdmVyIGEgb25lIHllYXIgcGVyaW9kLiAgTm9taW5hbCBpbnRlcmVzdCByYXRlIGlzIDE2JS4gIFdoYXQgaXMgdGhlIHByb2JhYmlsaXR5IHRoYXQgdGhlIHZhbHVlIG9mIHRoZSBjb21wYW55IHdpbGwgZmFsbCBvdmVyIHRoZSBuZXh0IDMgbW9udGhzPw1UaGlzIG1pZ2h0IGJlIHRoZSB3b3JzdCBxdWVzdGlvbiB0aGV5knZlIGV2ZXIgYXNrZWQhICBXaGF0IHRoZXkgc2hvdWxkIGhhdmUgYXNrZWQgd2FzLCAiSWYgeW91IHdhbnRlZCB0byB1c2UgdGhlIGJpbm9taWFsIChyaXNrIG5ldXRyYWwpIG1ldGhvZCB0byB2YWx1ZSBhbiBvcHRpb24gb24gdGhpcyBzdG9jayBhbmQgd2FudGVkIHRvIHVzZSBxdWFydGVybHkgaW50ZXJ2YWxzLCB3aGF0IHdvdWxkIHlvdSB1c2UgZm9yIHRoZSBwcm9iYWJpbGl0eSBvZiBhIGRvd25zaWRlIGNoYW5nZT8iICBUaGF0J3MgYSBwZXJmZWN0bHkgZmFpciBxdWVzdGlvbiBhbmQgdGhlIHNvbHV0aW9uIGlzIGFzIGZvbGxvd3M6IA1XZSBrbm93IHRoYXQgd2UgY2FuIGdvIGJhY2sgYW5kIGZvcnRoIGJldHdlZW4gdGhlIHJpc2sgbmV1dHJhbCBtZXRob2QgdGhhdCBhc3N1bWVzIGEgc2luZ2xlIHVwIG9yIGRvd24gbW92ZW1lbnQgYW5kIHRoZSBCbGFjayBTY2hvbGVzIG1ldGhvZCB3aGljaCBhc3N1bWVzIGNvbnRpbnVvdXMgY2hhbmdlcyB3aXRoIGEgdm9sYXRpbGl0eSBvZiBzaWdtYS4gIFNvIHVzZSB0aGUgdXAgYW5kIGRvd24gbW92ZW1lbnRzIHRoYXQgYXJlIGdpdmVuIHRvIGRldGVybWluZSB3aGF0IHRoZSB2b2xhdGlsaXR5IG9mIHRoZSBidXNpbmVzcyBpcywgdXNpbmcgdGhlIGZvcm11bGEgdSA9IDEvZCA9IGV4cChzaWdtYSAqIHNxcnQodCkpLiAgU29sdmUgZm9yIHNpZ21hPS4yNS4gIE5vdyB0aGF0IHlvdSBrbm93IHRoZSBzaWdtYSBmb3IgdGhlIG9uZSB5ZWFyIHBlcmlvZCB0PTEsIHlvdSBjYW4gc3Vic3RpdHV0ZSB0PS4yNSBhbmQgc29sdmUgYWdhaW4gZm9yIHRoZSBxdWFydGVybHkgdSA9IGV4cCguMjUqc3FydCguMjUpKT0xLjEzMyBhbmQgZD0xL3U9Ljg4Mi4gIFRoZXNlIHJlcHJlc2VudCB0aGUgZXF1aXZhbGVudCBxdWFydGVybHkgdXAgYW5kIGRvd24gbW92ZW1lbnRzLiAgVGhlbiwgdGhlIGFydGlmaWNpYWwgcHJvYmFiaWxpdHkgb2YgYW4gdXAgbW92ZW1lbnQgaXMgZm91bmQgZnJvbSBwID0gKHItZCkvKHUtZCk9LjYyLiAgVGhpcyBhc3N1bWVzIHRoZSByIHRoYXQgd2FzIGdpdmVuIGlzIHRoZSByaXNrIGZyZWUgcmF0ZSBvZiByZXR1cm4sIGFkanVzdGVkIG9mIGNvdXJzZSB0byBiZSBvbiBhIHF1YXJ0ZXJseSBiYXNpcyBzbyByPTEuMTZeLjI1IC0gMT0zLjglLiAgVGhlIHByb2JhYmlsaXR5IG9mIGEgZG93biBtb3ZlbWVudCBpcyB0aGVuIDEtcD0uMzguIA1TbyB3aGF0knMgdGhlIHByb2JsZW0/ICBUaGUgYW5zd2VyIGFib3ZlIGlzIG5vdCB0aGUgcXVlc3Rpb24gdGhleSBhc2tlZCCWIGV2ZW4gaWYgdGhhdJJzIHdoYXQgdGhleSBhY2NlcHRlZC4gIFRoZSBxdWVzdGlvbiBjbGVhcmx5IGFza2VkIGZvciAidGhlIHByb2JhYmlsaXR5IHRoYXQgdGhlIGJ1c2luZXNzIHZhbHVlIHdvdWxkIGZhbGwgaW4gdGhlIG5leHQgMyBtb250aHMiLiAgVGhpcyBjb25mdXNlcyB0aGUgcCBpbiB0aGUgcmlzayBuZXV0cmFsIG1ldGhvZCB3aXRoIHRoZSBwcm9iYWJpbGl0eSB0aGUgYnVzaW5lc3MgdmFsdWUgd2lsbCByaXNlLiAgVGhlIHAgdGhhdCBpcyB1c2VkIGluIHRoZSByaXNrIG5ldXRyYWwgbWV0aG9kIGlzIE5PVCB0aGUgYWN0dWFsIHByb2JhYmlsaXR5IHRoYXQgdGhlIGJ1c2luZXNzIHZhbHVlIHdpbGwgZ28gdXAuICBJdCBpcyBhbiBhcnRpZmljaWFsIHByb2JhYmlsaXR5IHRoYXQgaXMgdXNlZCB1bmRlciB0aGUgYXNzdW1wdGlvbiBvZiByaXNrIG5ldXRyYWxpdHkgYW5kIGlzIG5vdCBlcXVhbCB0byB0aGUgcmVhbCBwcm9iYWJpbGl0eSBvZiB0aGUgYnVzaW5lc3MgdmFsdWUgY2hhbmdpbmcuICBUaGlzIGlzIG9uZSBvZiB0aGUgbW9zdCBpbXBvcnRhbnQgcG9pbnRzIGluIHRoZSBlbnRpcmUgdGV4dGJvb2sgLSBpdCB3YXMgdGhlIGluc2lnaHQgdGhhdCBsZWQgdG8gdGhlIE5vYmVsIFByaXplIGZvciBTY2hvbGVzICYgTWVydG9uISAgVW5mb3J0dW5hdGVseSB0aGUgYm9vayBnbG9zc2VzIG92ZXIgdGhpcyBhIGJpdCBhbmQgdGhlcmVmb3JlIGEgbG90IG9mIHRoZSB0ZXN0IHdyaXRlcnMgZG9uJ3QgdW5kZXJzdGFuZCB0aGlzLiAgDVNlY29uZGx5LCB0aGUgcXVlc3Rpb24gaXMgaWxsb2dpY2FsIG9uIHRoZSBzdXJmYWNlLiAgSWYgdGhlIGJ1c2luZXNzIGNhbiBvbmx5IGhhdmUgb25lIG9mIDIgdmFsdWVzIGF0IHRoZSBlbmQgb2YgYSB5ZWFyLCB0aGVuIGl0IGNhbm5vdCBjaGFuZ2UgZXZlcnkgMyBtb250aHMuICBJZiBzbywgaXQgd291bGQgaGF2ZSA1IHBvc3NpYmxlIHZhbHVlcyBhdCB0aGUgZW5kIG9mIHRoZSB5ZWFyLg1BbmQgYSBtaW5vciBwb2ludCCWIHRoZSBhbnN3ZXIgYWJvdmUgYXNzdW1lZCB0aGF0IDE2JSB3YXMgdGhlIHJpc2sgZnJlZSByYXRlLiAgQSBzYWZlIGFzc3VtcHRpb24sIGJ1dCB0aGF0J3MgYW4gYXdmdWxseSBoaWdoIHJpc2sgZnJlZSByYXRlIGFuZCB0aGUgcXVlc3Rpb24gd2Fzbid0IGNsZWFyIGFib3V0IHRoaXMuICBJZiB0aGV5IHJlYWxseSB3YW50ZWQgdG8gYXNrIHRoZSByZWFsIHByb2JhYmlsaXRpZXMsIHRoZW4gdGhleSdkIGhhdmUgdG8gZ2l2ZSB5b3UgdGhlIHJpc2sgYWRqdXN0ZWQgcmF0ZSBhbmQgdGhlIGN1cnJlbnQgdmFsdWUgb2YgdGhlIHN0b2NrLiAgVGhleSBkaWRuknQgZ2l2ZSB5b3UgdGhlIGN1cnJlbnQgdmFsdWUsIHNvIHRoZXkgbXVzdCBoYXZlIG1lYW50IDE2JSB0byBiZSB0aGUgcmlzayBmcmVlIHJhdGUuDUl0IGlzIG9idmlvdXMgdGhpcyB0ZXN0IHdyaXRlciBoYWQgYSB2YWd1ZSB1bmRlcnN0YW5kaW5nIG9mIG9wdGlvbnMgYXQgYmVzdC4NDVVua25vd24gRGF0ZSCWIFRoZXkgb25jZSBhc2tlZCBhIHF1ZXN0aW9uIGxpa2UgdGhlIGZvbGxvd2luZy4gIFN1cHBvc2UgdGhhdCBhdCB0aGUgZW5kIG9mIGEgeWVhciB0aGUgcHJpY2Ugb2YgQUJDknMgc3RvY2sgY2FuIGJlIGJldHdlZW4gNDAgYW5kIDgwLiAgVGhlIGN1cnJlbnQgcHJpY2Ugb2YgdGhlIHN0b2NrIGlzIDU3IGFuZCB0aGUgcmlzayBmcmVlIHJhdGUgaXMgNSUuICBXaGF0IGlzIHRoZSB2YWx1ZSBvZiBhIGNhbGwgb3B0aW9uIHdpdGggYW4gZXhlcmNpc2UgcHJpY2Ugb2YgNjU/DVRoZSBzb2x1dGlvbiB0aGF0IHdhcyBhcHBhcmVudGx5IGFjY2VwdGVkIHNhaWQgdGhhdCB5b3UgY2FuIGZpbmQgdGhlIGV4cGVjdGVkIGNhbGwgcGF5b2ZmIGFzIHRoZSBpbnRlZ3JhbCBmcm9tIDQwIHRvIDgwIG9mIG1heChTLTY1LDApIGFuZCB0aGVuIGRpdmlkZSBieSAxLjA1IHRvIGdldCB0aGUgb3B0aW9uIHZhbHVlLiAgVGhpcyBpcyBXUk9ORyEgIFdoZW4geW91IHZhbHVlIG9wdGlvbnMsIGl0IGlzIHBlcmZlY3RseSBhY2NlcHRhYmxlIHRvIHVzZSB0aGVpciBkZW5vbWluYXRvciBhcyB0aGUgZXhwZWN0ZWQgY2FsbCBwYXlvZmYuICBCdXQgdG8gZ2V0IHRoZSB2YWx1ZSBvZiBhIHJpc2t5IGludmVzdG1lbnQgeW91IG5lZWQgdG8gZGlzY291bnQgdGhlIGV4cGVjdGVkIHBheW9mZnMgYXQgYSByaXNrIGFkanVzdGVkIGRpc2NvdW50IHJhdGUuICBUaGF0knMgdGhlIHBvaW50IG9mIDIvM3JkIG9mIHRoZSB0ZXh0Ym9vay4gIEJ1dCBmb3Igb3B0aW9ucywgd2hhdCByaXNrIGFkanVzdGVkIHJhdGUgY2FuIHdlIHVzZT8gIFdlIGNlcnRhaW5seSBjYW6SdCB1c2UgdGhlIHJpc2sgZnJlZSByYXRlLCBhbmQgdGhlcmWScyBubyBhY2NlcHRlZCB3YXkgdG8gYWRqdXN0IHRoYXQgZm9yIHRoZSBvcHRpb24gcmlzayCWdGhlIHJpc2sgaW4gb3B0aW9ucyBpcyB0b28gY29tcGxleCBhbmQgaXMgYSBmdW5jdGlvbiBvZiB0aGUgc3RvY2sgcHJpY2UsIHRpbWUsIGV0Yy4gIEluIG9wdGlvbiBwcmljaW5nLCB3ZSBnZXQgYXJvdW5kIGFsbCBvZiB0aGF0IGJ5IHVzaW5nIHJpc2sgbmV1dHJhbCBwcm9iYWJpbGl0aWVzIGFuZCByaXNrIGZyZWUgcmF0ZXMuICBJbiBvdGhlciB3b3Jkcywgd2UgZG8gdGhlIHNhbWUgbWF0aCBhcyB3aGF0IHdhcyBqdXN0IGRlc2NyaWJlZCB0byBnZXQgdGhlIGV4cGVjdGVkIGNhbGwgcGF5b2ZmcywgYnV0IHdlIHVzZSBhbiBhZGp1c3RlZCBwcm9iYWJpbGl0eSBkZW5zaXR5IGZ1bmN0aW9uLiAgSWYgd2Uga25vdyB0aGUgcmVhbCBwcm9iYWJpbGl0eSBkaXN0cmlidXRpb24sIHRoZXJlknMgbm8gd2F5IHRvIGRpcmVjdGx5IGRldGVybWluZSB0aGUgcmlzayBuZXV0cmFsIHByb2JhYmlsaXR5IGZ1bmN0aW9uIHVubGVzcyB0aGUgZnVuY3Rpb24gaGFzIGNlcnRhaW4gc3BlY2lmaWMgcHJvcGVydGllcy4gIFRoaXMgaXMgd2h5IHRoZSBCbGFjay1TY2hvbGVzIGZvcm11bGEgc28gY29udmVuaWVudGx5IGFzc3VtZXMgdGhlIHN0b2NrIHByaWNlcyBmb2xsb3cgYSBsb2dub3JtYWwgZGlzdHJpYnV0aW9uIChhY3R1YWxseSwgZ2VvbWV0cmljIEJyb3duaWFuIG1vdGlvbikuDU9rYXksIHNvIHRoZXJlknMgbm8gc29sdXRpb24sIGJ1dCB3aHkgbm90IGp1c3QgdXNlIHRoZSBleHBlY3RlZCByZXR1cm4gZm9yIHRoZSBzdG9jayBhcyB0aGUgcmlzayBhZGp1c3RlZCByYXRlIGZvciB0aGUgb3B0aW9uPyAgV2VsbCBvcHRpb25zIGhhdmUgZGlmZmVyZW50IHJpc2sgdGhhbiB0aGUgc3RvY2ssIHNvIGl0IGlzIGJldHRlciB0aGFuIHVzaW5nIHRoZSByaXNrIGZyZWUgcmF0ZSwgYnV0IGl0IGlzIHN0aWxsIHdyb25nLiAgSXQgd291bGSSdmUgYmVlbiBuaWNlIGlmIHRoZSBxdWVzdGlvbiB1c2VkIG51bWJlcnMgdGhhdCBpbXBsaWVkIHRoYXQgdGhlIGV4cGVjdGVkIHJldHVybiBvbiB0aGUgc3RvY2sgd2FzIGluIGZhY3QgdGhlIHJpc2sgZnJlZSByYXRlLCB0aGVuIHdlIHdvdWxkbpJ0IGhhdmUgaGFkIHRvIGFkanVzdCB0aGUgZGlzdHJpYnV0aW9uIGZ1bmN0aW9uLiAgQnV0IGluIHRoaXMgY2FzZSAoYXMgd2FzIHRydWUgb24gdGhlIGFjdHVhbCBleGFtKSB0aGUgZXhwZWN0ZWQgcmV0dXJuIGZvciB0aGUgc3RvY2sgaXMgYWN0dWFsbHkgNS4zJSA9IDYwLzU3LCB3aGVyZSBFKFMpID0gKDQwICsgODApLzIuDVdoYXQgYWJvdXQganVzdCB1c2luZyBhIGRpZmZlcmVudCB2ZXJzaW9uIG9mIEJsYWNrIFNjaG9sZXMgdGhhdCBhc3N1bWVzIGEgdW5pZm9ybSBkaXN0cmlidXRpb24gcmF0aGVyIHRoYW4gYSBsb2dub3JtYWwgb3IgYSBiaW5vbWlhbD8gIFdoaWxlIHRoZXJlIGFyZSB2YXJpYXRpb25zIG9mIEJsYWNrIFNjaG9sZXMsIHRoZXJlIGFyZSBuby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